5 Weather Risks During Umrah

Planning Umrah? Be prepared for Saudi Arabia’s extreme weather conditions. From scorching heat to sandstorms, the desert climate can pose serious risks to your health and safety. Here’s a quick overview of the main weather challenges and how to stay safe:

• Extreme Heat: Temperatures can exceed 45°C, especially between May and September. Stay hydrated, wear breathable clothing, and avoid outdoor rituals during peak sun hours.
• High Humidity: Humidity combined with heat can make conditions unbearable. Opt for moisture-wicking fabrics, seek air-conditioned spaces, and drink plenty of water.
• Sandstorms: Common from February to July, these storms can cause respiratory issues and visibility problems. Use masks, goggles, and stay indoors during warnings.
• Sudden Rain & Flash Floods: Flash floods, especially between April and September, can disrupt travel and rituals. Pack waterproof gear and avoid low-lying areas during heavy rainfall.
• Rapid Temperature Changes: Day-to-night swings and seasonal transitions can be challenging. Dress in layers and plan rituals during cooler parts of the day.

Quick Comparison Table:

Weather Risk	Likelihood	Severity	Preparation Tips
Extreme Heat	High (May–Sept)	Critical	Hydrate, wear light clothing, use umbrellas, avoid midday outdoor activities.
High Humidity	High (June–Sept)	Severe	Moisture-wicking fabrics, air-conditioned spaces, frequent hydration.
Sandstorms	Moderate (Feb–July)	Moderate	Masks, goggles, stay indoors, monitor weather alerts.
Sudden Rain & Floods	Low–Moderate (Apr–Sept)	High	Waterproof gear, avoid low areas, follow weather updates.
Rapid Temperature Swings	High (Year-round)	Moderate–High	Dress in layers, plan for cooler times, monitor health.

Winter months (Nov–Mar) offer safer weather, while summer (Jun–Aug) is the most challenging. Preparation is key to ensuring a safe and spiritually fulfilling pilgrimage.

1. Extreme Heat

Likelihood of Occurrence

If you're planning to visit Mecca between May and September, brace yourself for intense heat. During these months, the average temperature in Mecca soars above 34.5°C, and it often climbs much higher. In June 2024, for instance, the Grand Mosque recorded a staggering 51.8°C, setting an all-time high.

Humidity adds another layer of discomfort. Wet bulb temperatures, which combine heat and humidity to gauge how conditions feel to the human body, peak in August, September, and October. These months carry the highest risk of heat-related illnesses.

The situation is becoming more challenging over time. Research shows that Mecca's average annual air temperature has been rising by 0.4°C per decade, while wet bulb temperatures have increased by 0.2°C per decade. Between 1980 and 2019, the average daily wet bulb temperature during Hajj exceeded the US National Weather Service's danger threshold of 24.6°C on 38 occasions. This upward trend underscores the growing risks associated with extreme heat.

Severity of Impact

The health risks posed by extreme heat during pilgrimage are serious and can even be life-threatening. Data shows that heat-related deaths among pilgrims are 4.5 times higher than those among Mecca's residents, illustrating how unprepared many visitors are for the harsh desert conditions.

During the 2024 Hajj season, temperatures exceeding 50°C led to 1,301 heat-related fatalities, echoing the nearly 1,000 deaths recorded in 1987 . On just one day - 16th June 2024 - medical authorities treated 2,764 cases of heat-related illness.

The effects of heat on the body are swift and dangerous. Ira Purnamasari, a lecturer at the Faculty of Health Sciences at UM Surabaya, notes:

"Body temperature must be lowered immediately, because if not, it can trigger damage to vital organs which can lead to seizures and death".

Symptoms of heat-related illnesses, such as heat exhaustion or heat stroke, can escalate quickly. These include severe headaches, dizziness, muscle cramps, nausea, fatigue, confusion, and even loss of consciousness. This makes preparation and awareness absolutely crucial.

Recommended Preparedness Actions

Staying hydrated is critical. Drink 250 ml of water every 30–45 minutes, aiming for at least 300 ml per hour. Don’t wait until you're thirsty to start drinking .

Plan your activities wisely. Perform your Umrah rituals early in the morning or late in the evening when temperatures are cooler. Avoid the midday sun, particularly between 11:00 and 15:00, when the heat is at its peak.

Use sun protection. An umbrella can significantly reduce your risk of heat illness. Studies show that pilgrims without umbrellas are over eight times more likely to suffer from heat-related issues. A light-coloured umbrella is especially effective at reflecting heat.

Opt for lightweight, loose-fitting, and light-coloured clothing to promote air circulation and protect your skin. Always cover your head when outdoors to minimise heat absorption .

Diet matters too. Incorporate fruits and vegetables into your meals to maintain hydration. Avoid salty or fried foods, as they can increase your body's water needs, and steer clear of sugary drinks, which can worsen dehydration .

Acclimatisation can make a difference. Arriving in Mecca a few days early allows your body to adjust to the heat. Use air-conditioned transport between holy sites whenever possible, and take frequent breaks in shaded or cool areas.

Lastly, be vigilant for warning signs of heat exhaustion, such as headaches, dizziness, muscle cramps, nausea, and fatigue. If you notice these symptoms, stop immediately, find shade, drink water, and seek medical attention if needed before resuming your activities.

2. High Humidity

Likelihood of Occurrence

High humidity presents a major challenge during Umrah, especially when paired with the intense heat of Saudi Arabia. The country's arid climate, combined with its proximity to warming seas, makes it particularly prone to humid heat conditions .

Humidity levels can shift drastically, not just over the year but even within the same day. For instance, during the 2024 Hajj season, average humidity was around 33%, but at its peak, it soared to 75% during periods of extreme heat stress. These sudden changes can mean a shift from dry to very humid conditions in just a matter of hours.

June tends to offer the least humid conditions, with an average relative humidity of 25% and wet-bulb temperatures of about 22°C. However, even during this relatively drier time, the Grand Mosque recorded temperatures as high as 51.8°C with 25% relative humidity in 2024. Looking ahead, future pilgrimage seasons are expected to see humidity levels ranging between 15% and 60%.

Extreme humidity events have become more frequent, more than doubling since 1979 . This increase significantly raises the chances of encountering uncomfortable or even dangerous conditions during your pilgrimage. These fluctuations not only make the experience less comfortable but also pose serious health risks, which are explored further below.

Severity of Impact

High humidity adds another layer of difficulty by undermining the body’s natural cooling systems. The combination of extreme heat and humidity can have severe, even life-threatening, effects. In 2024, high humidity, along with lethal heat, contributed to the deaths of over 1,300 Hajj pilgrims. When humidity is high, the body struggles to cool itself effectively, as sweat cannot evaporate properly. This can lead to rising body temperatures, heatstroke, and, in extreme cases, death.

The body’s tolerance for heat drops significantly as humidity rises. For instance, while younger individuals can typically manage temperatures of 45°C at 25% humidity, their limit falls to just 34°C at 80% humidity. For older pilgrims, the danger threshold is even lower - just 32.5°C at 80% humidity. During the 2024 Hajj, these limits were exceeded for older adults throughout the six-day period.

Wet-bulb temperatures, which combine heat and humidity to reflect how conditions feel, reached as high as 29.5°C in 2024. Over six days, the upper limits of human heat tolerance were breached for a total of 43 hours.

High humidity also increases physiological stress. Studies indicate that it exacerbates thermal discomfort, raises body temperature, and reduces parasympathetic nerve activity, which is essential for relaxation and recovery. Ideal conditions for comfort and safety generally involve air temperatures between 18°C and 23°C with relative humidity between 35% and 70% - a rarity during Umrah in warmer months.

Recommended Preparedness Actions

Staying hydrated becomes even more crucial in humid conditions. Drink water consistently to maintain your body’s cooling mechanisms and electrolyte balance. Adding hydrating beverages like fruit juices can help replenish electrolytes lost through sweating.

Opt for light-coloured, breathable clothing to encourage air circulation. Loose-fitting garments are particularly effective as they create air pockets that help with cooling, while tight clothing can trap heat and moisture. Applying baby powder after sweating can also help keep your skin dry and minimise friction.

Limit your exposure to extreme heat and crowded areas by seeking shaded or air-conditioned spaces. Well-ventilated environments can provide much-needed relief. Use protective gear like umbrellas and sunscreen to shield yourself from direct sunlight.

Lastly, stay informed by keeping an eye on official weather updates. If high humidity is predicted, adjust your plans to perform rituals during cooler parts of the day and take frequent breaks in climate-controlled areas. This proactive approach can make a big difference in managing the challenges of high humidity.

3. Sandstorms

Likelihood of Occurrence

Sandstorms are a frequent phenomenon in Saudi Arabia, where deserts dominate 95% of the landscape. These storms are most common between late February and mid-July, presenting a significant challenge for Umrah pilgrims during this period .

While the holy cities of Makkah and Madinah may experience raised dust, the areas most affected include the Northern Borders, Al-Jouf, Hail, Qassim, Riyadh, and the Eastern Province. Riyadh, in particular, is highly susceptible to these storms.

Interestingly, recent statistics highlight a notable decline in sandstorm activity. In May 2024, some regions saw reductions of up to 100%. For instance, the Central and Eastern Provinces experienced an 80% drop, Al Qassim and the Northern Borders saw a complete cessation, Riyadh recorded a 95% decrease, and Al Ihsa reported an 86% reduction.

However, sandstorms can still strike unexpectedly. On 6 March 2025, a sudden sandstorm engulfed Riyadh and its outskirts, prompting urgent alerts from the National Centre for Meteorology and road safety authorities. Additionally, the extreme daytime temperatures during pilgrimage seasons - ranging from 45°C to 48°C - can contribute to the formation of these storms. This unpredictability poses serious health risks and logistical difficulties for pilgrims.

Severity of Impact

The abrupt nature of sandstorms disrupts daily life and presents significant health hazards, particularly for those with pre-existing conditions.

"Sandstorms represent a major natural hazard in the Arabian Peninsula. Their pulmonary consequences can be life-threatening, especially to those with a history of allergies, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases." - Osama A Samarkandi, Anas Khan, Adel S. Bashatah, Abdullah Mohammed Alobaid

Beyond the discomfort they cause, sandstorms introduce harmful particles into the air, including mineral, biological, and organic matter. These fine particles can penetrate deep into the lungs, leading to severe respiratory issues for vulnerable groups. A survey conducted during a sandstorm in Saudi Arabia revealed that around one-third of individuals with chronic lung diseases experienced a significant worsening of their symptoms.

"Exposure to sandstorm causes cough, runny nose, wheeze, acute asthmatic attack, eye irritation/redness, headache, body ache, sleep and psychological disturbances. These results indicate that sandstorm is a prolific source of respiratory and general ailments. It is therefore, suggested that an unnecessary exposure to sandstorm must be avoided." - Sultan Ayoub Meo

Research from Taipei City has shown a 0.72% increase in the average mortality rate due to heightened particulate matter during dust events. In Africa, the combination of low humidity and frequent dust storms has been linked to a rise in hospital admissions for meningitis. Beyond health concerns, sandstorms also cause logistical problems: reduced visibility increases the risk of road accidents, and flight schedules can be severely disrupted.

Recommended Preparedness Actions

• Stay indoors during sandstorm warnings and limit outdoor activities.
• Keep windows and doors closed, and use air purifiers or filters to ensure clean indoor air.
• If you must go outside, wear protective gear such as an N95 mask and airtight goggles. If unavailable, use a damp cloth or scarf to cover your nose and mouth.
• Apply a small amount of non-perfumed Vaseline inside your nostrils to prevent dryness.
• Monitor your health closely during and after exposure. Seek medical attention if you experience symptoms like a persistent cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, or eye irritation.
• Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water.
• Protect important documents, like passports and travel papers, by storing them in waterproof pouches.
• Follow official weather updates through local news and the National Centre for Meteorology.
• Plan outdoor religious activities during times when calmer weather is expected.

4. Sudden Rain and Flash Floods

Likelihood of Occurrence

In addition to extreme heat and sandstorms, sudden rain and flash floods are serious concerns for Umrah pilgrims. Flash floods, in particular, are a year-round threat, though some months carry a greater risk. Studies indicate that about 75% of flash flood incidents happen between late April and mid-September, with July and August being the most hazardous months . This timing coincides with peak Umrah travel, putting many pilgrims at increased risk.

Recent incidents underscore how unpredictable these weather events can be. In March 2023, heavy rain caught thousands of pilgrims in Makkah off guard while they were performing rituals at the Grand Mosque. Similarly, in April 2024, parts of the Persian Gulf experienced almost a year’s worth of rain in a single day, causing widespread disruption. Climate experts Richard Allan from the University of Reading and Friederike Otto from Imperial College London have observed that "rainfall was becoming much heavier around the world as the climate warms". This trend suggests that pilgrims should anticipate more frequent and intense rainfall during their journeys.

Severity of Impact

Flash floods are particularly dangerous, accounting for around 85% of flood-related incidents and having the highest mortality rate among all flood types. Their rapid onset leaves little time for preparation or evacuation, making them especially perilous for those unfamiliar with the region. For example, in November 2022, Jeddah experienced 179 mm of rain in just six hours, resulting in severe flash flooding. Urban expansion has only worsened the situation; in Makkah, residential areas grew by 197% between 1990 and 2010, while flood volumes surged by 248% during the same period.

A striking example of the impact occurred in August 2024, when torrential rain caused significant flooding in Makkah. Pilgrims faced travel disruptions, and the city was put on red alert due to the risk of further rain, dust storms, and thunderstorms. In nearby Al-Jumum, flash floods swept away livestock and other materials, highlighting the destructive power of these events. Heavy rains also lead to flooded roads, creating widespread transport issues that can derail pilgrims' carefully planned schedules.

Recommended Preparedness Actions

To stay safe during sudden rain and flash floods, consider the following precautions:

• Pack appropriate gear: Bring a raincoat, face mask, and waterproof footwear or plastic shoe covers to avoid slipping on wet surfaces.
• Protect important items: Store your ID, passport, and travel documents in waterproof pouches, and use waterproof bags for other belongings.
• Stay informed: Check weather forecasts daily and remain alert to changes. If the sky darkens or winds pick up, seek shelter immediately.
• Avoid risky areas: Steer clear of low-lying spots, pools of water, and valleys during flash floods. Also, avoid electric poles and metal fences to reduce the risk of electrocution during storms .
• Follow official guidance: Pay close attention to instructions from rescue teams and safety advisories from Civil Defence and local authorities .

Saudi authorities have introduced advanced surveillance systems to monitor crowds and reduce accidents during severe weather. They are also working to expand shaded areas and maintain regular water supplies to help pilgrims manage various weather conditions. However, your personal preparedness is the most effective way to ensure your safety during sudden rain and flash floods.

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5. Rapid Temperature Changes

Likelihood of Occurrence

For Umrah pilgrims visiting Saudi Arabia, adjusting to the desert's rapid temperature changes can be a significant hurdle. The country's climate has undergone noticeable warming in recent decades, resulting in sharp day-to-night temperature swings and sudden shifts during seasonal transitions. Between 1979 and 2019, Saudi Arabia's average temperature rose by 2.1°C - almost three times the global average. These changes have amplified the already challenging variability in temperatures.

Data from major cities highlights this trend. In Riyadh, summer temperatures increased by 0.067°C annually from 2009 to 2013, while winter temperatures rose by 0.056°C per year during the same period. Tabuk showed similar patterns, with summer temperatures climbing by 0.058°C annually and winter averages increasing by 0.042°C per year. Since 1996, these shifts have become more pronounced, and experts predict that temperatures across the Arabian Peninsula will continue to rise throughout the 21st century. For pilgrims coming from cooler regions, adapting to these changes is not just about comfort - it’s a matter of health and safety.

Severity of Impact

The health risks associated with rapid temperature swings during Umrah are considerable. Sudden changes can lead to heat-related illnesses such as heat stroke and exhaustion, particularly for those unaccustomed to such extremes. In Mecca, climate data shows that average dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures have been rising by 0.4°C and 0.2°C per decade, respectively.

During a recent heatwave in Jeddah, temperatures soared to 52°C, causing power outages and significant disruptions. This highlights the potential severity of such conditions. Dr Saber Yezli, PhD, emphasised the growing health challenges, stating:

"The study underscores the escalating climate-related health risks in Mecca over the study period. The mitigation measures' efficacy in such a globally representative setting emphasises the findings' generalisability and the importance of refining public health interventions in the face of rising temperatures."

Recommended Preparedness Actions

To minimise the risks of rapid temperature changes, pilgrims should take practical steps. Opt for loose, lightweight cotton clothing that allows for proper ventilation. Men should ensure their Ihram permits airflow, while women can choose lightweight abayas that offer coverage without retaining heat.

Protect yourself from the sun by using a wide-brimmed hat or umbrella, applying sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher, and wearing UV-protective sunglasses. Plan strenuous rituals for the cooler parts of the day, such as early morning or late evening, and take frequent breaks in shaded areas to avoid overheating.

Stay informed by monitoring local health updates and following advice from Saudi health authorities. Be prepared for unexpected weather by carrying waterproof sandals to prevent slipping and packing an extra set of Ihram in a waterproof bag to handle sudden rain or cooling.

The Saudi government has introduced several measures to address these challenges, including cooling systems, shaded walkways, medical support, and emergency services. However, your personal preparation plays a crucial role in ensuring a safe and comfortable pilgrimage.

For a seamless Umrah journey, you might explore travel packages offered by UmrahDeals (https://umrah.deals), which provide expert assistance and tailored solutions for every step of the pilgrimage.

Weather Risk Comparison Table

Here’s a quick overview of the five main weather risks you might face during Umrah, along with tips on how to prepare for them:

Weather Risk	Likelihood	Severity Level	Key Preparation Steps
Extreme Heat	Very High (June–August), Moderate (September–October), Low (November–March)	Critical – Temperatures can soar beyond 45°C, posing risks like heatstroke and even death	Wear light, breathable clothing; carry a refillable water bottle and foldable umbrella; use cooling towels; avoid outdoor activities between 11 a.m.–4 p.m.; and keep oral rehydration salts on hand
High Humidity	High (June–September), Moderate (April–May, October), Low (November–March)	Severe – Combined with heat, it can create hazardous wet-bulb conditions	Opt for moisture-wicking fabrics; take regular hydration breaks; seek air-conditioned spaces; and use lightweight Ihram materials
Sandstorms	Moderate (March–May), Low–Moderate (September–November), Low (December–February)	Moderate – Can cause respiratory issues, reduced visibility, and eye irritation	Use face masks and protective eyewear; store belongings in waterproof bags; and find shelter immediately if winds pick up
Sudden Rain & Flash Floods	Low–Moderate (November–April), Very Low (May–October)	High – Risks include flash flooding, electrical hazards, and slippery surfaces	Carry a raincoat or poncho; wear waterproof footwear; keep important documents in waterproof bags; and avoid areas with electrical hazards
Rapid Temperature Changes	High (all seasons), Very High (seasonal transitions)	Moderate–High – Can lead to heat-related illnesses and make it hard for visitors to adjust	Pack layered clothing; keep an eye on weather updates; and plan to perform rituals during cooler parts of the day

If you’re planning your trip, it’s worth noting that winter (November–March) offers the safest weather, while summer (June–August) presents the most challenging conditions. Be especially cautious during transitional months, as sudden five-day heat stress periods are most common in September.

The dangers posed by extreme heat are particularly stark, with heat-related deaths among pilgrims being 4.5 times higher than those among Mecca residents. This highlights how vulnerable visitors, unfamiliar with the climate, can be. The health risks linked to extreme heat cannot be overstated.

To navigate these conditions more effectively, consider using services like UmrahDeals. They provide curated packages and expert advice to help you prepare for the specific challenges you might face. Visit UmrahDeals for more information.

Conclusion

Weather-related challenges during Umrah demand careful planning to ensure a safe and smooth pilgrimage. Past incidents underscore the importance of being well-prepared, especially as climate change continues to heighten risks like extreme heat and humidity. Simple yet effective steps - such as staying hydrated, wearing lightweight and breathable clothing, scheduling activities during cooler hours, and packing essential items - can make a significant difference. Neglecting these preparations could disrupt your journey and detract from its spiritual essence.

UmrahDeals understands these concerns and offers tailored support to help you prepare. Their packages go beyond flights and accommodation, providing personalised guidance through WhatsApp. From advice on suitable clothing to tips on timing your rituals during cooler periods, they ensure your focus remains on the spiritual fulfilment of your pilgrimage while prioritising your safety and comfort.

FAQs

How can I stay safe and comfortable in the extreme heat during Umrah?

To ensure your comfort and safety during the intense heat of Umrah, taking a few practical steps is crucial. Start by staying hydrated - drink plenty of water regularly throughout the day. You might also want to include electrolyte drinks to replace salts lost through sweating. Try to avoid caffeinated or sugary drinks, as these can leave you feeling even more dehydrated.

Choose lightweight, loose-fitting, and light-coloured clothing to help keep your body cool. Protect yourself from the sun by wearing a wide-brimmed hat, sunglasses, and applying sunscreen. When planning your rituals, aim to carry out more physically demanding acts during the cooler times of the day, such as early morning or late evening. During the hottest hours, typically between 10:00 and 16:00, seek out shaded areas to rest. These simple measures can help you better manage the heat, allowing you to focus on your spiritual experience without unnecessary discomfort.

What should I do if I experience a sandstorm during Umrah?

If you encounter a sandstorm during Umrah, your safety should come first. Cover your nose and mouth with a mask, scarf, or any available cloth to reduce the amount of dust you inhale. Whenever possible, head indoors and ensure all windows and doors are firmly closed to keep the dust out.

If you're outside and can't find shelter immediately, try to minimise physical activity to avoid inhaling too much dust. For those driving, keep windows and vents tightly shut, and set your car's air conditioning to recirculate mode to block sand from entering the vehicle. Stay composed, be patient, and wait for the storm to pass before resuming your journey or rituals.

Why is it important to stay updated on the weather during Umrah?

Staying updated on the weather during Umrah is crucial for your well-being and safety. Conditions like intense heat, unexpected rain, or sandstorms can make outdoor rituals such as Tawaf and Sa’i more challenging. By keeping an eye on weather forecasts, you can schedule your activities during safer periods, wear suitable clothing, and bring essentials like water, umbrellas, or protective gear.

Being prepared for the weather doesn’t just minimise discomfort - it allows you to focus fully on your spiritual journey without unnecessary distractions or risks.